{
  "creator": [
    "Hakim, Nader H.",
    "Branscombe, Nyla R."
  ],
  "date": [
    "2023-05-03"
  ],
  "description": [
    "We examined the implications of the institutional racial/ethnic designation of Arab Americans as White. Do Arab Americans prefer this categorization or another, and what factors predict categorization in one way or another? In Study 1, a representative sample of Arab Americans in Southeast Michigan (N = 1,001 57% female, ages 18 to 88, Age M = 43.64) completed measures of perceived discrimination, various forms of social identification, and self-categorized from Census-designated racial categories. Self-categorization as “Other” was significantly predicted by experiences of discrimination, Muslim religious affiliation, and having darker skin. In Study 2, with a convenience sample of Arab American college students (52% female, Age M = 20.25), participants were randomly assigned to self-categorize as either “White” or as “Middle Eastern/North African” and then completed measures of perceived discrimination and various forms of social identification. Assigned self-categorization as “Middle Eastern/North African” significantly predicted subgroup respect towards Arabs, but only among those who strongly identified as American. Far from being a neutral, merely reflective method of categorization, the Census and similar categorization forms are sites of racial/ethnic socialization. Respondents bring to such forms their social psychological experience. For many Arab Americans, a host of social experiences indicate the (in)appropriateness and meaning of being forced to self-categorize as White or being allowed to self-categorize differently."
  ],
  "format": [
    "application/pdf",
    "text/html",
    "text/xml"
  ],
  "identifier": [
    "https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/5503",
    "10.5964/jspp.5503"
  ],
  "language": [
    "eng"
  ],
  "publisher": [
    "PsychOpen GOLD / Leibniz Institut for Psychology (ZPID)"
  ],
  "relation": [
    "https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/5503/5503.pdf",
    "https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/5503/5503.html",
    "https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/5503/5503.xml"
  ],
  "rights": [
    "Copyright (c) 2023 Nader H. Hakim, Nyla R. Branscombe",
    "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
  ],
  "source": [
    "Journal of Social and Political Psychology; Vol. 11 No. 1 (2023); 182-198",
    "2195-3325",
    "10.5964/jspp.v11i1"
  ],
  "subject": [
    "Arab Americans",
    "social identity",
    "racial categorization"
  ],
  "title": [
    "White, or Not Quite? Predicting Arab American Responses to Racial Categorization Forms"
  ],
  "type": [
    "info:eu-repo/semantics/article",
    "info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion",
    "Peer-reviewed Article"
  ]
}