{
  "creator": [
    "Li, Johnson Ching-Hong"
  ],
  "date": [
    "2022-06-30"
  ],
  "description": [
    "Researchers often examine whether two continuous variables (X and Y) are linearly related. Pearson’s correlation (r) is a widely-employed statistic for assessing bivariate linearity. However, the accuracy of r is known to decrease when data contain outliers and/or leverage observations, a circumstance common in behavioral and social sciences research. This study compares 11 robust correlations with r and evaluates the associated bootstrap confidence intervals [bootstrap standard interval (BSI), bootstrap percentile interval (BPI), and bootstrap bias-corrected-and-accelerated interval (BCaI)] across conditions with and without outliers and/or leverage observations. The simulation results showed that the median-absolute-deviation correlation (r-MAD), median-based correlation (r-MED), and trimmed correlation (r-TRIM) consistently outperformed the other estimates, including r, when data contain outliers and/or leverage observations. This study provides an easy-to-use R code for computing robust correlations and their associated confidence intervals, offers recommendations for their reporting, and discusses implications of the findings for future research."
  ],
  "format": [
    "application/pdf",
    "text/html",
    "text/xml"
  ],
  "identifier": [
    "https://meth.psychopen.eu/index.php/meth/article/view/8467",
    "10.5964/meth.8467"
  ],
  "language": [
    "eng"
  ],
  "publisher": [
    "PsychOpen GOLD / Leibniz Institut for Psychology (ZPID)"
  ],
  "relation": [
    "https://meth.psychopen.eu/index.php/meth/article/view/8467/8467.pdf",
    "https://meth.psychopen.eu/index.php/meth/article/view/8467/8467.html",
    "https://meth.psychopen.eu/index.php/meth/article/view/8467/8467.xml"
  ],
  "rights": [
    "Copyright (c) 2022 Johnson Ching-Hong Li",
    "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
  ],
  "source": [
    "Methodology; Vol. 18 No. 2 (2022); 99-125",
    "1614-2241",
    "1614-1881",
    "10.5964/meth.v18i2"
  ],
  "subject": [
    "robust correlation",
    "bootstrap confidence intervals",
    "outliers",
    "Monte Carlo simulation"
  ],
  "title": [
    "Bootstrap Confidence Intervals for 11 Robust Correlations in the Presence of Outliers and Leverage Observations"
  ],
  "type": [
    "info:eu-repo/semantics/article",
    "info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion",
    "Peer-reviewed article"
  ]
}