{
  "creator": [
    "Curry, Oliver Scott",
    "San Miguel, Chloe",
    "Wilkinson, James",
    "Tunç, Mehmet Necip"
  ],
  "date": [
    "2026-04-09"
  ],
  "description": [
    "Is kindness regulated by a cost-benefit ratio? Previous research suggests that money allocation decisions are regulated by a ‘welfare trade-off ratio’ (WTR) that reflects the weight attached to the actor’s welfare relative to the recipient’s welfare. Here we replicate this research, and extend it by creating a new measure—The Kindness Questionnaire—which asks which real-world acts of kindness, previously rated for cost and benefit, participants would perform for others. In Study 1 (n = 6,601) money allocation (MA) and Kindness Questionnaire (KQ) decisions for family, friends, colleagues and strangers were highly consistent with an underlying WTR (~92%); more consistent than would be expected by chance; and generally more consistent than with cost or benefit alone. WTRs were high (~0.81); and, for money allocation, declined with social distance. In Study 2 (n = 8,492) MA and KQ decisions for neighbors were highly consistent with an underlying WTR (~89%); more consistent than would be expected by chance; and generally more consistent than with cost or benefit alone. WTRs were high (~0.75). In both studies, The Kindness Questionnaires showed good convergent, divergent and incremental validity. These studies corroborate ‘welfare tradeoff ratio’ theory, establish proof of principle for a new way of measuring kindness, and provide new tools for measuring kindness to colleagues, strangers and neighbors."
  ],
  "format": [
    "application/pdf",
    "text/html",
    "text/xml"
  ],
  "identifier": [
    "https://spb.psychopen.eu/index.php/spb/article/view/14583",
    "10.32872/spb.14583"
  ],
  "language": [
    "eng"
  ],
  "publisher": [
    "PsychOpen GOLD / Leibniz Institut for Psychology (ZPID)"
  ],
  "relation": [
    "https://spb.psychopen.eu/index.php/spb/article/view/14583/14583.pdf",
    "https://spb.psychopen.eu/index.php/spb/article/view/14583/14583.html",
    "https://spb.psychopen.eu/index.php/spb/article/view/14583/14583.xml"
  ],
  "rights": [
    "Copyright (c) 2026 Oliver Scott Curry, Chloe San Miguel, James Wilkinson, Mehmet Necip Tunç",
    "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
  ],
  "source": [
    "Social Psychological Bulletin; Vol. 21 (2026); 1-22",
    "2569-653X",
    "10.32872/spb.v21"
  ],
  "subject": [
    "kindness",
    "welfare trade-off ratio",
    "prosocial behavior",
    "scale development"
  ],
  "title": [
    "Consistent Kindness: Money Allocation and Kind Act Decisions Are Regulated by a ‘Welfare Trade-Off Ratio’"
  ],
  "type": [
    "info:eu-repo/semantics/article",
    "info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"
  ]
}